Constitution of the British Isles (1829)
Conventions
Daniel O'Connell
Percy Shelley
Grand Lodge of the British Isles
Heads of British Isles
Impeachment
Lives of Great Britons
London
Parliament
Country folders/Europe/British Isles/Religion
Senate House
Universities

Statistics

Name - British Isles (English)
Continent - Europe
Capital - London

Administration

Head of state - Chief Magistrate Mary Burgess
Head of government - Prime Minister Zachary Varghese
Legislature - Parliament - Senate (upper), House of Commons (lower)
Lord Chancellor - Bernard O'Higgins
Speaker of the House of Commons - William Gates
Legislation Minister - John Mackenzie
Judiciary - Supreme Court of Judicature
Justice Minister - Peter Taylor
Form of government - Unitary republic under a democratic ministerial confidential constitution
Form of law - Brougham Code
Demonym - British

Geography

Area -
Capital (and largest city) - London - 7,715,000 (city), 12,382,000 (metro)
Time zone - TMP+00:00
Currency - British ducat

Demography

Language - English
Other languages
-Ireland - Irish (co-official)
-Wales - Welsh (co-official)
Population - 82,142,000
Density -

Symbols

National festival - Charter Day (January 24) - commemorates the promulgation of the Charter of Liberty and Security and Frame of Government (1829), and the birth (1749) of Charles James Fox, iconic precursor of the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)
Anthem - Rule Britannia
Motto - God and Our Right

Flag

-OTL Union Jack but with a 3:2 ratio # Emblem # Population 84,442,000 -Scotland: 4,831,000 -Wales: 2,989,000 -England: 54,191,000 -Ireland: 22,431,000 # National Holidays

Name	Date	Notes
New Years' Day	January 1	Celebrated with a particular fervor in Scotland in lieu of Christmas
Charter Day	January 24	The Isle's national day; commemorates the promulgation of the Charter of Liberty and Security and Frame of Government (1829), and the birth (1749) of Charles James Fox, iconic precursor of the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)
Good Friday	Friday pre-Easter
Easter Monday	Floating
Whit Monday	7th Mon. after Easter Monday
Runnymede Day	Second Monday of June	Commemorates the enactment of the Magna Carta (1215); elections to Parliament are held every three years on this day
O'Connell Day	August 6	Commemorates the birth (1775) of Daniel O'Connell, icon of peaceful protest, universal liberty, and Irish nationhood
Conscience Day	November 4	Commemorates the repeal (1814) of the infamous Dissenting Ministers' Act 1807 and the birth (1650) of Glorious Revolution icon William III
Landing Day	November 5	Commemorates William III's landing at Brixham (1688) and the Frame of Government Amendment Act 1901 instituting women's suffrage
Christmas Day	December 25	Christmas celebrations in Scotland remain quite muted due to disapproval from its various Kirks

Religion

File not found: Country folders/Europe/British Isles/Religion

Legislative Regions

Parliament >>

Parliament

House of Commons

Makeup

-consisting of 498 MPs
-Ireland: 132 MPs

Diagram

House of Peers

-consists of 200 Peers
-reformed under <a href="../../.././head-lists/europe/heads-of-british-isles.html#1897-1907-charles-james-fox-martineau-(radical-democratic---"radical")-†" class="wikilink">Heads of British Isles > 1897-1907 Charles James Fox Martineau (Radical-Democratic - "Radical") †-†)

University Seats

-consisting of grad students from

Commons Seats

-consisting of 15 outgoing MPs from the outgoing House of Commons

County Seats

-consisting of 56 elected by electoral colleges consisting of county councils

Chambers of Commerce Seats

-consisting of 35 elected by various Chambers of Commerce from across the country

Chambers of Labour Seats

-consisting of 35 elected by the Chamber of Labour, consisting of labor representatives

Chambers of Agriculture Seats

-consisting of 15 elected by the Chamber of Agriculture, consisting of representatives of agrarian interests

School Boards Seats

-consisting of 5 elected by electoral colleges consisting of school boards

Crown Seats

-consisting of 10 selected by the Crown

Procedures

Chief Magistrate's Message to Parliament

-occur annually
-Chief Magistrate takes permission from Parliamentary Guard to enter through Magisterial Porch
-with one of his lictors permitted to go with him
-lictor knocks on the door of the Peers with long end of fasces to ask invitation in for purpose of speech
-Peers debate resolution, accepted
-with Chief Magistrate seated on chair, lictor goes to Commons, knocks on door with long end of fasces to request they join peers for debate
-Ministers ejected, go with lictor
-doors slammed in face
-Commons debates, may take a while depending on mood, but eventually accepts
-Commons goes to lobby in b/w, at bar, to listen to speech
-Chief Magistrate gives general, short speech on constitutional principles, then yields floor to ministers
-ministers then give speeches on policy issues (as appropriate)

Firsts in British Parliamentary History

The first Catholic MP since the institution of the Penal Laws was the radical reformer, reconciler of liberty and Catholicism, Irish nationalist, pacifist, and abolitionist politician and statesman Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847). Following a long political career in which he fought against civil disabilities suffered by Catholics and Nonconformists through the use of peaceful protest, he was arrested in 1823 by the Frederick regime; he was freed in 1827, following the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)) ending the Frederick regime permanently. That same year, a Convention Parliament was convened, and following the precedent of previous Convention Parliaments, no oath-giving would be required for elected MPs, a fact which meant that Catholics were now eligible for election to Parliament. O'Connell took full advantage of this and won election as an MP for Clare County along with a substantial Irish contingent of fellow MPs who he led. As an MP in the Convention Parliament, his support was indispensable and he made sure that the new Constitution declared religious liberty and equality under the law, along with an end to anti-Catholic oaths for public office. Following the ratification of the Constitution, he later won election to regular Parliament as a member for West Clare (1829-1831; 1833-1834), Central Dublin (1837-1843), and West Cork (1843-1847), in which he helped to found the Radical Party and was involved in abolitionism, the abolition of the common law and legal reform, reforms to administration in Ireland and India, and finally the establishment of the Irish Assembly in 1847. His name remains internationally renowned to this day, synonymous with liberty and political change through peaceful protest.

The first Asian MP, the first Indian MP, the first Bengali MP, and the first Hindu MP was the Bengali sociopolitical and religious reformer Ram Mohan Roy (1774-1841). Following a career in which he founded his own sect of Hinduism and crusaded against widow mistreatment in Hinduism, and also fought for civil rights in the British Raj, he moved to Britain in 1830, in which he took advantage of the end of religious civil disabilities due to the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)) to win election to Parliament as a member for East Finsbury in the same year. He joined the coalition which preceded the Radical Party in 1831. Though he successfully proposed and pushed through a bill banning sati, he faced a string of racist attacks and found himself condescended to even by allies; an attempt to reform colonial administration of the Raj to recognize Indian civil rights and institute representative government was watered down into insignificance. Disillusioned following the end of his term as MP in 1833, he made his way back to India in which he worked to promote education and pushed civil rights charters into princely states in the hopes that future generations would succeed at establishing good government for the peoples of India. Note that the religious faith of Ram Mohan Roy is a matter of some dispute; he belonged to Brahmo Samaj, a Hindu sect influenced by Unitarian Christianity. During his election in 1830 he was viewed as a Unitarian Christian, and he was sworn in on an edition of the Bible which included solely the doctrines of Jesus. Furthermore, the religion of Naya Dharma regards him posthumously as an adherent and an important precursor towards their goal of reconciling the world's religions. If Ram Mohan Roy is not counted as a Hindu, then the first Hindu MP was Mahadev Govind Ranade (1842-1901), who served as a Lord Agent-General for the city of Bombay from 1882 to 1885, in which he fought unsuccessfully for the establishment of industry, famine relief systems, and poor relief in the British Raj.

The first Jewish MP was the financier, activist, philanthropist, and politician Moses Montefiore (1784-1885). Born into an Italian banking family which later moved to London, he served as a stockbroker as a young man, and it was on the stock market on which he made his fortune. Active in the business of Old London, he made connections with reformist circles of evangelicals and nonconformists, which brought him increasingly towards politics. During the Convention Parliament, Montefiore petitioned it to ensure the new parliamentary oath would not exclude Jewish people, and this proved successful. In 1834 he was elected MP for the Eastern Division of the City of London (now Old London), and he was sworn in on the Hebrew Bible with his head covered. In this term, he fought to protect the City of London against the Radical-controlled Parliament's desire to abolish its feudal privileges. This fight proved successful, the City of London was except from the Muncipal Reform Act of 1834, and it took until the 1850s for the City of London to be stripped of its feudal privileges. In this regard, Montefiore aligned himself with the Moderates, but otherwise he was a supporter of Radical politics and causes and supported much of the dramatic Radical programme passed in this period. Declining to be re-elected after 1837 and retiring from business, for the rest of his life Montefiore devoted himself for the rest of his life to the cause for which he is famous: defending Jewish people around the world from persecution.

The first atheist MP was Richard Carlile (1790-1856). Ultra radical MP from 1830 to 1834.

---

1. Gibraltar ↩
2. Saint Helena #### Commons Seats -consisting of 15 outgoing MPs from the outgoing House of Commons #### County Seats -consisting of 56 elected by electoral colleges consisting of county councils #### Chambers of Commerce Seats -consisting of 35 elected by various Chambers of Commerce from across the country #### Chambers of Labour Seats -consisting of 35 elected by the Chamber of Labour, consisting of labor representatives #### Chambers of Agriculture Seats -consisting of 15 elected by the Chamber of Agriculture, consisting of representatives of agrarian interests #### School Boards Seats -consisting of 5 elected by electoral colleges consisting of school boards #### Crown Seats -consisting of 10 selected by the Crown ## Procedures #### Chief Magistrate's Message to Parliament -occur annually -Chief Magistrate takes permission from Parliamentary Guard to enter through Magisterial Porch -with one of his lictors permitted to go with him -lictor knocks on the door of the Peers with long end of fasces to ask invitation in for purpose of speech -Peers debate resolution, accepted -with Chief Magistrate seated on chair, lictor goes to Commons, knocks on door with long end of fasces to request they join peers for debate -Ministers ejected, go with lictor -doors slammed in face -Commons debates, may take a while depending on mood, but eventually accepts -Commons goes to lobby in b/w, at bar, to listen to speech -Chief Magistrate gives general, short speech on constitutional principles, then yields floor to ministers -ministers then give speeches on policy issues (as appropriate) ## Firsts in British Parliamentary History The **first Catholic MP since the institution of the Penal Laws** was the radical reformer, reconciler of liberty and Catholicism, Irish nationalist, pacifist, and abolitionist politician and statesman **Daniel O'Connell** (1775-1847). Following a long political career in which he fought against civil disabilities suffered by Catholics and Nonconformists through the use of peaceful protest, he was arrested in 1823 by the Frederick regime; he was freed in 1827, following the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)) ending the Frederick regime permanently. That same year, a Convention Parliament was convened, and following the precedent of previous Convention Parliaments, no oath-giving would be required for elected MPs, a fact which meant that Catholics were now eligible for election to Parliament. O'Connell took full advantage of this and won election as an MP for Clare County along with a substantial Irish contingent of fellow MPs who he led. As an MP in the Convention Parliament, his support was indispensable and he made sure that the new Constitution declared religious liberty and equality under the law, along with an end to anti-Catholic oaths for public office. Following the ratification of the Constitution, he later won election to regular Parliament as a member for West Clare (1829-1831; 1833-1834), Central Dublin (1837-1843), and West Cork (1843-1847), in which he helped to found the Radical Party and was involved in abolitionism, the abolition of the common law and legal reform, reforms to administration in Ireland and India, and finally the establishment of the Irish Assembly in 1847. His name remains internationally renowned to this day, synonymous with liberty and political change through peaceful protest. The **first Asian MP**, the **first Indian MP**, the **first Bengali MP**, and the **first Hindu MP** was the Bengali sociopolitical and religious reformer **Ram Mohan Roy** (1774-1841). Following a career in which he founded his own sect of Hinduism and crusaded against widow mistreatment in Hinduism, and also fought for civil rights in the British Raj, he moved to Britain in 1830, in which he took advantage of the end of religious civil disabilities due to the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)) to win election to Parliament as a member for East Finsbury in the same year. He joined the coalition which preceded the Radical Party in 1831. Though he successfully proposed and pushed through a bill banning _sati_, he faced a string of racist attacks and found himself condescended to even by allies; an attempt to reform colonial administration of the Raj to recognize Indian civil rights and institute representative government was watered down into insignificance. Disillusioned following the end of his term as MP in 1833, he made his way back to India in which he worked to promote education and pushed civil rights charters into princely states in the hopes that future generations would succeed at establishing good government for the peoples of India. Note that the religious faith of Ram Mohan Roy is a matter of some dispute; he belonged to Brahmo Samaj, a Hindu sect influenced by Unitarian Christianity. During his election in 1830 he was viewed as a Unitarian Christian, and he was sworn in on an edition of the Bible which included solely the doctrines of Jesus. Furthermore, the religion of Naya Dharma regards him posthumously as an adherent and an important precursor towards their goal of reconciling the world's religions. If Ram Mohan Roy is not counted as a Hindu, then the first Hindu MP was **Mahadev Govind Ranade** (1842-1901), who served as a Lord Agent-General for the city of Bombay from 1882 to 1885, in which he fought unsuccessfully for the establishment of industry, famine relief systems, and poor relief in the British Raj. The **first Jewish MP** was the financier, activist, philanthropist, and politician **Moses Montefiore** (1784-1885). Born into an Italian banking family which later moved to London, he served as a stockbroker as a young man, and it was on the stock market on which he made his fortune. Active in the business of Old London, he made connections with reformist circles of evangelicals and nonconformists, which brought him increasingly towards politics. During the Convention Parliament, Montefiore petitioned it to ensure the new parliamentary oath would not exclude Jewish people, and this proved successful. In 1834 he was elected MP for the Eastern Division of the City of London (now Old London), and he was sworn in on the Hebrew Bible with his head covered. In this term, he fought to protect the City of London against the Radical-controlled Parliament's desire to abolish its feudal privileges. This fight proved successful, the City of London was except from the Muncipal Reform Act of 1834, and it took until the 1850s for the City of London to be stripped of its feudal privileges. In this regard, Montefiore aligned himself with the Moderates, but otherwise he was a supporter of Radical politics and causes and supported much of the dramatic Radical programme passed in this period. Declining to be re-elected after 1837 and retiring from business, for the rest of his life Montefiore devoted himself for the rest of his life to the cause for which he is famous: defending Jewish people around the world from persecution. The **first atheist MP** was **Richard Carlile** (1790-1856). Ultra radical MP from 1830 to 1834. ↩
3. Inns of Court ↩
4. London ↩
5. Newcastle ↩
6. Kings ↩
7. Lunar ↩
8. Leeds ↩
9. York ↩
10. Exeter ↩
11. Combined English ↩
12. Carnarvon ↩
13. Merthyr Tydfil ↩
14. Cardiff ↩
15. Combined Welsh ↩
16. St. Andrews and Glasgow ↩
17. Aberdeen and Edinburgh ↩
18. Faculty of Advocates and Brougham ↩
19. Combined Scottish ↩
20. Dublin ↩
21. Cork ↩
22. Belfast ↩
23. Derry ↩
24. O'Connell ↩
25. Galway ↩
26. Tara ↩
27. Combined Irish #### Overseas Holdings Seats -consisting of Lords Agent-General for ↩

Judiciary

-headed by Justice Minister -who appoints and dismisses all judges in the nation -and also serves as the deciding judge in the Supreme Court of Judicature -and also chairs Impeachment trials -and also submits judicial advisory opinions on laws to the Legislation Minister -Supreme Court of Judicature sits at the apex of the judicial system -and any case may be appealed to it -but is strictly below Parliament -there is also a court for each legislative region -albeit with only Ireland's being a true court of appeal and in others appeals often jump over them -additionally below that there is an array of county courts -and below that there are magistrates at the local level -each court has one or several eleemosynary advocates attached -who serve for free for people who can't afford other counsel -because a certain time of serving as an eleemosynary advocate is required for serving as variously jobs in the judiciary and senior counsel -also courts have prehensors to apprehend people or things for judges for hearings -and courts have their own jails attached run by various appointed officials called consignees -and consignees also hold some real property # United Bank of the British Isles -preceded by Bank of England -1796 french invasion of ireland sees mass panic, large run on bank devastating reserves -several branches having to close just to prevent losing all their money -results in suspension of note conversion -hyperinflation ensues, as notes are now worthless -in decades that follow Bank tries to rebuild reserves -suspicion that gold out of bank will be hoarding results in bank keeping ingot after ingot -this in turn results in gold deflation policies all around the world -though Bank engages in credit restriction policies the need to fund reactionary powers of Europe means that it continues to loan money -just worsens national debt policy further -and at the same time restriction of credit, loans called in, results in British deflation -with the Year Without A Summer, it tries to take advantage of speculation bubble -bubble increases further but fails -to maintain wartime streams of money, engages in massive amounts of speculation, hands out loans to all kinds of colonial endeavours esp in australia -this just makes it harder to fund the war -with Second French War (1821-32) Bank loans to Europe continue with a furor -this worsens credit within Britain itself, and this results in worsening economy -British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9), end of war -mobs sack Threadneedle Street and other branches to take their gold -new regime makes order that it will redeem notes at a specific value at a later date -doesn't express what value will be the redemption, but does help rally it -in 1835 several private banks go under, causing Recessions > Panic of 1835 -same year Heads of British Isles > 1834-1837 Samuel Whitbread (Radical) declares he'll redeem Bank of England notes at 1% of value -new bank established in 1830 as part of stabilizing the situation -includes strict 1.5:1 notes to reserves ratio -after Neramnew Gold Rush in Australia that's when good times for British Isles come -gold comes flowing, credit increases, and so do banknotes in circulation # Parties # British Empire ## Commission for Colonial Affairs -imperial affairs headed by Commission for much of 19th century -before it became effectively independent -today the Commission is an intergovernmental body with a new name -with (originally) delegations headed by -President of the Commission - British -Lord Agent-General for Nova Scotia -Lord Agent-General for Upper Canada -Delegate for Old Upper Canada -Delegate for Assiniboia -Delegate for Saskatchewan -Lord Agent-General for Lower Canada -Lord Agent-General for Columbia -Lord Agent-General for the West Indies -Delegate for the Bahamas -Delegate for Jamaica -Delegate for Trinidad -Delegate for Barbados -Delegate for the Leeward Islands -Lord Agent-General for Natal -Lord Agent-General for Australia -Delegate for New South Wales -Delegate for Felicitania -Delegate for Foxland -Delegate for New Munster -President of the East India Commission -later transitions into intergovernmental body -incl. the United States # Universities

Universities >>

Universities

Oxford University

-remains a stronghold of the Orange and Traditional movements for decades after the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)
-because there's no way for British government to rig things in its favor
-though British government formally obliterates religious tests entirely they continue to exist informally in this university
-Oxford eventually falls behind due to lack of acceptance of modern technical university values

Cambridge University

-early on after British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)) it gets controlled by central government through mass granting of ceremonial doctorates
-forcibly separated from the Church of England

University of Inns of Court

The University of Inns of Court, usually known as Inns University or simply Inns, is a university of law in the British Isles, and it is the premier university of law in the nation.

This institution is ultimately rooted in the medieval institutions of the Inns of Courts and the affiliated Inns of Chancery, guilds where students were taught the law of England and certified to serve as lawyers. These were collegiate institutions where students were educated in the practical customary law of England, in a field which excluded theory; this is likely partially responsible for the perception of Anglo-American law as based in precedents rather than on theory and set principles. Initially, students first learned at the Inns of Chancery and then moved to the Inns of Court, but this process was discontinued by the seventeenth century. During the Puritan Revolution the Inns lost many students, but they nevertheless regained their stature after the Stuart Restoration; it was only during the eighteenth century that they gradually deteriorated. Of the Inns of Court, only Lincoln's Inn gave a comprehensive legal education, and the Inns of Chancery grew so totally and utterly detached from teaching the law that they became little more than places for lodging and food.

After the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)), reform of the law quickly became a goal of the government, and under Justice Minister Henry Brougham, in the 1830s, various law codes were passed which not only dramatically reformed and codified the law, but also introduced certain legal principles for judges to consult when making their decisions. While this recourse to principles was not new - Lord Mansfield (1795-1793) also introduced legal principles into English law - they now covered most of British law. This served to further weaken education of the law within the Inns of Court. As word came of this bad education of the law into Parliament, it constituted a committee to monitor the education of the law, and in 1836 reported that either its education was severely bad or non-existent, depending on the Inn. This influenced the government to pass the Inns of Courts Act 1837, which constituted the Inns into a single university - though they kept their property and continued to hand out certifications for the bar, they were to be affiliated with the university. ^[1]In OTL, a similar proposal came in 1854 and a few other times in the nineteenth century, but they were refused. Instead, legal education flowed out of the Inns, and today the Inns of Court serve as lawyers' associations. More controversial was how neither students nor professors would have to pass religious tests, in the same impulse of the era which resulted in the establishment of the non-denominational London University and the eradication of religious tests for students in Oxford and Cambridge.

Over the following decades, the institution of Inns University resulted in the Inns themselves hosting lecturers from the university, while increasingly the Inns grew to resemble dormitories rather than educational institutions. Furthermore, law was increasingly taught at other universities, though law degrees must be certified by an Inn of Court to this day. The education of law grew increasingly complicated over time.

Today Inns is a vast, diffuse university. It exists primarily in London, but there is one campus located in Dublin, owing to the historic institution of King's Inns there in 1541. Many great lawyers and politicians come from the university, including seven Prime Ministers and numerous other chief magistrates and heads of government all around the world.

---

1. In OTL, a similar proposal came in 1854 and a few other times in the nineteenth century, but they were refused. Instead, legal education flowed out of the Inns, and today the Inns of Court serve as lawyers' associations. ↩

Heads

Chief Secretary of Ireland: Eamonn Muir (Radical)
Chief Secretary of Scotland: Francis B. MacMahon (Moderate)
Chief Secretary of Wales: Llewyn Jones (Associationist)
Chief Secretary of Mercia: (Radical)
Chief Secretary of Wessex:
Chief Secretary of East Anglia: (Moderate)
Chief Secretary of Coritania:
Lord Mayor of London: Alfred Donnell (Radical)
Chief Secretary of Bernicia:
Chief Secretary of Deira:
Chief Secretary of Prima: (Moderate)

Great Seals of the British Isles

Period	Inscription	Front side	Back side
1829-1831	FRIDERICVS · D · G · MAG · BRIT · ET · HIB · REX · F · D · BRVNS · ET · LVN · DVX · S · R · I · A · T · ET · PR · ELECT · ETC Frederick, by the grace of God of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector, et cetera.	King Frederick seated on the throne in coronation garb, with Ares and Athena, and figures of Britannia, Scotia, and Hibernia behind him	King Frederick on horseback, leaning and pointing with a stick frontwards
1831-1840	HENRICVS · BARO · PARTES · HOLLANDENSIS · DEI · GRATIA · BRITANNIARVM · PRINCEPS · MAGISTRATVS Henry Baron Parts of Holland, by the grace of God of the Britains Chief Magistrate	Lord Holland swearing the oath to the Charter of Liberty and Security, with the Acting Privy Council behind him	Lord Holland on horseback, leaning and pointing with a stick frontwards
1840-pres.	GREAT · SEAL · OF · THE · BRITISH · ISLES (front) GOD · AND · OUR · RIGHT · LIBERTY · OF · THE · PEOPLE (back)	Britannia seated on a rock on the sea shore, holding in one arm a pike with a Phrygian Cap and in another an olive branch, and leaning on the rock a shield with the Union Jack	Algernon Sidney on a table writing Discourses with a quill

Largest cities

Rank	City	Population	Metropolitan population
1	London	6,715,000	12,382,000
2	Dublin	3,521,000	6,276,000
3	Birmingham	1,857,000	3,823,000
4	Leeds	593,000	2,541,000
5	Manchester	517,000	2,379,000
6	Glasgow	603,000	1,894,000
7	Belfast	594,000	1,515,000
8	Portsmouth	278,000	1,357,000
9	Cork	661,000	1,271,000
10	Nottingham	417,000	881,000
11	Edinburgh	447,000	812,000
12	Liverpool	431,000	783,000
13	Sheffeld	343,000	756,000

Notes

-Dublin and other Irish cities way more populous as they exist in the context of a larger Ireland and with a Legislature to help it grow
-Birmingham likewise since it got state investment, particularly in time of Martineau, and also cuz center of radicalism
-and it is a major railroad terminus, giving it massive pop boom in context of truncated Railway Mania
-Sheffield is smaller because it had difficulties in constructing railroad to there, plus railways in general longer
-thus railway boom takes a while

Chief Magistrate

-elected by Parliament in joint session as a Senate for a ten-year term
-impeachable, and violation of stringent terms is considered abdication
-formally addressed "Elective Majesty"
-part of early period when British Isles was a "republic without republicans" to project a sense of monarchical normality to monarchies of Europe and project moderation
-but in keeping with foxite tendencies of Heads of British Isles > 1828-1839 Henry Vassall-Fox, Baron Holland (Whig), CM toasts to "Our Sovereign, the Majesty of the People" to represent from whence the majesty is, by constitution, derived
-all executive power is formally vested in CM, but delegated away
-existence justified as an emergency check on Commons' power
-and to truncate ambition by being on top of it all
-and to serve as a representative of the British nation with some separation from day-to-day politics

-full title: "Mary Burgess, vested by the Majesty of the People of the British Isles Chief Magistrate, Defender of Liberty and Security"

Ministers

-may be deposed by House of Commons
-in practice this means appointed by Commons
-Chief Magistrate cannot do anything unless ministers countersign
-these people are the people who really rule the British Isles

Lictors

-twelve lictors who serve as personal bodyguard of Chief Magistrate
-Parliament may veto and remove as appropriate
-for ceremonial occasions, wear red suit and white cravat
-and carry fasces
-formal one consists in center of long black rod tipped with English lion
-surrounded by white rods
-one tipped with Scottish unicorn
-another tipped with Irish harp
-another tipped with Welsh dragon
-another tipped with Manx peregrine falcon
-another tipped with Norman lion
-center rod perennially replaced as it is used to knock against iron doors

Parliament

Parliament >>

Parliament

House of Commons

Makeup

-consisting of 498 MPs
-Ireland: 132 MPs

Diagram

House of Peers

-consists of 200 Peers
-reformed under <a href="../../.././head-lists/europe/heads-of-british-isles.html#1897-1907-charles-james-fox-martineau-(radical-democratic---"radical")-†" class="wikilink">Heads of British Isles > 1897-1907 Charles James Fox Martineau (Radical-Democratic - "Radical") †-†)

University Seats

-consisting of grad students from

Commons Seats

-consisting of 15 outgoing MPs from the outgoing House of Commons

County Seats

-consisting of 56 elected by electoral colleges consisting of county councils

Chambers of Commerce Seats

-consisting of 35 elected by various Chambers of Commerce from across the country

Chambers of Labour Seats

-consisting of 35 elected by the Chamber of Labour, consisting of labor representatives

Chambers of Agriculture Seats

-consisting of 15 elected by the Chamber of Agriculture, consisting of representatives of agrarian interests

School Boards Seats

-consisting of 5 elected by electoral colleges consisting of school boards

Crown Seats

-consisting of 10 selected by the Crown

Procedures

Chief Magistrate's Message to Parliament

-occur annually
-Chief Magistrate takes permission from Parliamentary Guard to enter through Magisterial Porch
-with one of his lictors permitted to go with him
-lictor knocks on the door of the Peers with long end of fasces to ask invitation in for purpose of speech
-Peers debate resolution, accepted
-with Chief Magistrate seated on chair, lictor goes to Commons, knocks on door with long end of fasces to request they join peers for debate
-Ministers ejected, go with lictor
-doors slammed in face
-Commons debates, may take a while depending on mood, but eventually accepts
-Commons goes to lobby in b/w, at bar, to listen to speech
-Chief Magistrate gives general, short speech on constitutional principles, then yields floor to ministers
-ministers then give speeches on policy issues (as appropriate)

Firsts in British Parliamentary History

The first Catholic MP since the institution of the Penal Laws was the radical reformer, reconciler of liberty and Catholicism, Irish nationalist, pacifist, and abolitionist politician and statesman Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847). Following a long political career in which he fought against civil disabilities suffered by Catholics and Nonconformists through the use of peaceful protest, he was arrested in 1823 by the Frederick regime; he was freed in 1827, following the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)) ending the Frederick regime permanently. That same year, a Convention Parliament was convened, and following the precedent of previous Convention Parliaments, no oath-giving would be required for elected MPs, a fact which meant that Catholics were now eligible for election to Parliament. O'Connell took full advantage of this and won election as an MP for Clare County along with a substantial Irish contingent of fellow MPs who he led. As an MP in the Convention Parliament, his support was indispensable and he made sure that the new Constitution declared religious liberty and equality under the law, along with an end to anti-Catholic oaths for public office. Following the ratification of the Constitution, he later won election to regular Parliament as a member for West Clare (1829-1831; 1833-1834), Central Dublin (1837-1843), and West Cork (1843-1847), in which he helped to found the Radical Party and was involved in abolitionism, the abolition of the common law and legal reform, reforms to administration in Ireland and India, and finally the establishment of the Irish Assembly in 1847. His name remains internationally renowned to this day, synonymous with liberty and political change through peaceful protest.

The first Asian MP, the first Indian MP, the first Bengali MP, and the first Hindu MP was the Bengali sociopolitical and religious reformer Ram Mohan Roy (1774-1841). Following a career in which he founded his own sect of Hinduism and crusaded against widow mistreatment in Hinduism, and also fought for civil rights in the British Raj, he moved to Britain in 1830, in which he took advantage of the end of religious civil disabilities due to the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)) to win election to Parliament as a member for East Finsbury in the same year. He joined the coalition which preceded the Radical Party in 1831. Though he successfully proposed and pushed through a bill banning sati, he faced a string of racist attacks and found himself condescended to even by allies; an attempt to reform colonial administration of the Raj to recognize Indian civil rights and institute representative government was watered down into insignificance. Disillusioned following the end of his term as MP in 1833, he made his way back to India in which he worked to promote education and pushed civil rights charters into princely states in the hopes that future generations would succeed at establishing good government for the peoples of India. Note that the religious faith of Ram Mohan Roy is a matter of some dispute; he belonged to Brahmo Samaj, a Hindu sect influenced by Unitarian Christianity. During his election in 1830 he was viewed as a Unitarian Christian, and he was sworn in on an edition of the Bible which included solely the doctrines of Jesus. Furthermore, the religion of Naya Dharma regards him posthumously as an adherent and an important precursor towards their goal of reconciling the world's religions. If Ram Mohan Roy is not counted as a Hindu, then the first Hindu MP was Mahadev Govind Ranade (1842-1901), who served as a Lord Agent-General for the city of Bombay from 1882 to 1885, in which he fought unsuccessfully for the establishment of industry, famine relief systems, and poor relief in the British Raj.

The first Jewish MP was the financier, activist, philanthropist, and politician Moses Montefiore (1784-1885). Born into an Italian banking family which later moved to London, he served as a stockbroker as a young man, and it was on the stock market on which he made his fortune. Active in the business of Old London, he made connections with reformist circles of evangelicals and nonconformists, which brought him increasingly towards politics. During the Convention Parliament, Montefiore petitioned it to ensure the new parliamentary oath would not exclude Jewish people, and this proved successful. In 1834 he was elected MP for the Eastern Division of the City of London (now Old London), and he was sworn in on the Hebrew Bible with his head covered. In this term, he fought to protect the City of London against the Radical-controlled Parliament's desire to abolish its feudal privileges. This fight proved successful, the City of London was except from the Muncipal Reform Act of 1834, and it took until the 1850s for the City of London to be stripped of its feudal privileges. In this regard, Montefiore aligned himself with the Moderates, but otherwise he was a supporter of Radical politics and causes and supported much of the dramatic Radical programme passed in this period. Declining to be re-elected after 1837 and retiring from business, for the rest of his life Montefiore devoted himself for the rest of his life to the cause for which he is famous: defending Jewish people around the world from persecution.

The first atheist MP was Richard Carlile (1790-1856). Ultra radical MP from 1830 to 1834.

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1. Gibraltar ↩
2. Saint Helena #### Commons Seats -consisting of 15 outgoing MPs from the outgoing House of Commons #### County Seats -consisting of 56 elected by electoral colleges consisting of county councils #### Chambers of Commerce Seats -consisting of 35 elected by various Chambers of Commerce from across the country #### Chambers of Labour Seats -consisting of 35 elected by the Chamber of Labour, consisting of labor representatives #### Chambers of Agriculture Seats -consisting of 15 elected by the Chamber of Agriculture, consisting of representatives of agrarian interests #### School Boards Seats -consisting of 5 elected by electoral colleges consisting of school boards #### Crown Seats -consisting of 10 selected by the Crown ## Procedures #### Chief Magistrate's Message to Parliament -occur annually -Chief Magistrate takes permission from Parliamentary Guard to enter through Magisterial Porch -with one of his lictors permitted to go with him -lictor knocks on the door of the Peers with long end of fasces to ask invitation in for purpose of speech -Peers debate resolution, accepted -with Chief Magistrate seated on chair, lictor goes to Commons, knocks on door with long end of fasces to request they join peers for debate -Ministers ejected, go with lictor -doors slammed in face -Commons debates, may take a while depending on mood, but eventually accepts -Commons goes to lobby in b/w, at bar, to listen to speech -Chief Magistrate gives general, short speech on constitutional principles, then yields floor to ministers -ministers then give speeches on policy issues (as appropriate) ## Firsts in British Parliamentary History The **first Catholic MP since the institution of the Penal Laws** was the radical reformer, reconciler of liberty and Catholicism, Irish nationalist, pacifist, and abolitionist politician and statesman **Daniel O'Connell** (1775-1847). Following a long political career in which he fought against civil disabilities suffered by Catholics and Nonconformists through the use of peaceful protest, he was arrested in 1823 by the Frederick regime; he was freed in 1827, following the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)) ending the Frederick regime permanently. That same year, a Convention Parliament was convened, and following the precedent of previous Convention Parliaments, no oath-giving would be required for elected MPs, a fact which meant that Catholics were now eligible for election to Parliament. O'Connell took full advantage of this and won election as an MP for Clare County along with a substantial Irish contingent of fellow MPs who he led. As an MP in the Convention Parliament, his support was indispensable and he made sure that the new Constitution declared religious liberty and equality under the law, along with an end to anti-Catholic oaths for public office. Following the ratification of the Constitution, he later won election to regular Parliament as a member for West Clare (1829-1831; 1833-1834), Central Dublin (1837-1843), and West Cork (1843-1847), in which he helped to found the Radical Party and was involved in abolitionism, the abolition of the common law and legal reform, reforms to administration in Ireland and India, and finally the establishment of the Irish Assembly in 1847. His name remains internationally renowned to this day, synonymous with liberty and political change through peaceful protest. The **first Asian MP**, the **first Indian MP**, the **first Bengali MP**, and the **first Hindu MP** was the Bengali sociopolitical and religious reformer **Ram Mohan Roy** (1774-1841). Following a career in which he founded his own sect of Hinduism and crusaded against widow mistreatment in Hinduism, and also fought for civil rights in the British Raj, he moved to Britain in 1830, in which he took advantage of the end of religious civil disabilities due to the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)) to win election to Parliament as a member for East Finsbury in the same year. He joined the coalition which preceded the Radical Party in 1831. Though he successfully proposed and pushed through a bill banning _sati_, he faced a string of racist attacks and found himself condescended to even by allies; an attempt to reform colonial administration of the Raj to recognize Indian civil rights and institute representative government was watered down into insignificance. Disillusioned following the end of his term as MP in 1833, he made his way back to India in which he worked to promote education and pushed civil rights charters into princely states in the hopes that future generations would succeed at establishing good government for the peoples of India. Note that the religious faith of Ram Mohan Roy is a matter of some dispute; he belonged to Brahmo Samaj, a Hindu sect influenced by Unitarian Christianity. During his election in 1830 he was viewed as a Unitarian Christian, and he was sworn in on an edition of the Bible which included solely the doctrines of Jesus. Furthermore, the religion of Naya Dharma regards him posthumously as an adherent and an important precursor towards their goal of reconciling the world's religions. If Ram Mohan Roy is not counted as a Hindu, then the first Hindu MP was **Mahadev Govind Ranade** (1842-1901), who served as a Lord Agent-General for the city of Bombay from 1882 to 1885, in which he fought unsuccessfully for the establishment of industry, famine relief systems, and poor relief in the British Raj. The **first Jewish MP** was the financier, activist, philanthropist, and politician **Moses Montefiore** (1784-1885). Born into an Italian banking family which later moved to London, he served as a stockbroker as a young man, and it was on the stock market on which he made his fortune. Active in the business of Old London, he made connections with reformist circles of evangelicals and nonconformists, which brought him increasingly towards politics. During the Convention Parliament, Montefiore petitioned it to ensure the new parliamentary oath would not exclude Jewish people, and this proved successful. In 1834 he was elected MP for the Eastern Division of the City of London (now Old London), and he was sworn in on the Hebrew Bible with his head covered. In this term, he fought to protect the City of London against the Radical-controlled Parliament's desire to abolish its feudal privileges. This fight proved successful, the City of London was except from the Muncipal Reform Act of 1834, and it took until the 1850s for the City of London to be stripped of its feudal privileges. In this regard, Montefiore aligned himself with the Moderates, but otherwise he was a supporter of Radical politics and causes and supported much of the dramatic Radical programme passed in this period. Declining to be re-elected after 1837 and retiring from business, for the rest of his life Montefiore devoted himself for the rest of his life to the cause for which he is famous: defending Jewish people around the world from persecution. The **first atheist MP** was **Richard Carlile** (1790-1856). Ultra radical MP from 1830 to 1834. ↩
3. Inns of Court ↩
4. London ↩
5. Newcastle ↩
6. Kings ↩
7. Lunar ↩
8. Leeds ↩
9. York ↩
10. Exeter ↩
11. Combined English ↩
12. Carnarvon ↩
13. Merthyr Tydfil ↩
14. Cardiff ↩
15. Combined Welsh ↩
16. St. Andrews and Glasgow ↩
17. Aberdeen and Edinburgh ↩
18. Faculty of Advocates and Brougham ↩
19. Combined Scottish ↩
20. Dublin ↩
21. Cork ↩
22. Belfast ↩
23. Derry ↩
24. O'Connell ↩
25. Galway ↩
26. Tara ↩
27. Combined Irish #### Overseas Holdings Seats -consisting of Lords Agent-General for ↩

Judiciary

-headed by Justice Minister
-who appoints and dismisses all judges in the nation
-and also serves as the deciding judge in the Supreme Court of Judicature
-and also chairs Impeachment trials
-and also submits judicial advisory opinions on laws to the Legislation Minister
-Supreme Court of Judicature sits at the apex of the judicial system
-and any case may be appealed to it
-but is strictly below Parliament
-there is also a court for each legislative region
-albeit with only Ireland's being a true court of appeal and in others appeals often jump over them
-additionally below that there is an array of county courts
-and below that there are magistrates at the local level

-each court has one or several eleemosynary advocates attached
-who serve for free for people who can't afford other counsel
-because a certain time of serving as an eleemosynary advocate is required for serving as variously jobs in the judiciary and senior counsel
-also courts have prehensors to apprehend people or things for judges for hearings
-and courts have their own jails attached run by various appointed officials called consignees
-and consignees also hold some real property

United Bank of the British Isles

-preceded by Bank of England
-1796 french invasion of ireland sees mass panic, large run on bank devastating reserves
-several branches having to close just to prevent losing all their money
-results in suspension of note conversion
-hyperinflation ensues, as notes are now worthless
-in decades that follow Bank tries to rebuild reserves
-suspicion that gold out of bank will be hoarding results in bank keeping ingot after ingot
-this in turn results in gold deflation policies all around the world
-though Bank engages in credit restriction policies the need to fund reactionary powers of Europe means that it continues to loan money
-just worsens national debt policy further
-and at the same time restriction of credit, loans called in, results in British deflation
-with the Year Without A Summer, it tries to take advantage of speculation bubble
-bubble increases further but fails
-to maintain wartime streams of money, engages in massive amounts of speculation, hands out loans to all kinds of colonial endeavours esp in australia
-this just makes it harder to fund the war
-with Second French War (1821-32) Bank loans to Europe continue with a furor
-this worsens credit within Britain itself, and this results in worsening economy
-British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9), end of war
-mobs sack Threadneedle Street and other branches to take their gold

-new regime makes order that it will redeem notes at a specific value at a later date
-doesn't express what value will be the redemption, but does help rally it
-in 1835 several private banks go under, causing Recessions > Panic of 1835
-same year Heads of British Isles > 1834-1837 Samuel Whitbread (Radical) declares he'll redeem Bank of England notes at 1% of value

-new bank established in 1830 as part of stabilizing the situation
-includes strict 1.5:1 notes to reserves ratio

-after Neramnew Gold Rush in Australia that's when good times for British Isles come
-gold comes flowing, credit increases, and so do banknotes in circulation

Parties

# British Empire ## Commission for Colonial Affairs -imperial affairs headed by Commission for much of 19th century -before it became effectively independent -today the Commission is an intergovernmental body with a new name

-with (originally) delegations headed by
-President of the Commission - British
-Lord Agent-General for Nova Scotia
-Lord Agent-General for Upper Canada
-Delegate for Old Upper Canada
-Delegate for Assiniboia
-Delegate for Saskatchewan
-Lord Agent-General for Lower Canada
-Lord Agent-General for Columbia
-Lord Agent-General for the West Indies
-Delegate for the Bahamas
-Delegate for Jamaica
-Delegate for Trinidad
-Delegate for Barbados
-Delegate for the Leeward Islands
-Lord Agent-General for Natal
-Lord Agent-General for Australia
-Delegate for New South Wales
-Delegate for Felicitania
-Delegate for Foxland
-Delegate for New Munster
-President of the East India Commission

-later transitions into intergovernmental body
-incl. the United States

Universities

Universities >>

Universities

Oxford University

-remains a stronghold of the Orange and Traditional movements for decades after the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)
-because there's no way for British government to rig things in its favor
-though British government formally obliterates religious tests entirely they continue to exist informally in this university
-Oxford eventually falls behind due to lack of acceptance of modern technical university values

Cambridge University

-early on after British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)) it gets controlled by central government through mass granting of ceremonial doctorates
-forcibly separated from the Church of England

University of Inns of Court

The University of Inns of Court, usually known as Inns University or simply Inns, is a university of law in the British Isles, and it is the premier university of law in the nation.

This institution is ultimately rooted in the medieval institutions of the Inns of Courts and the affiliated Inns of Chancery, guilds where students were taught the law of England and certified to serve as lawyers. These were collegiate institutions where students were educated in the practical customary law of England, in a field which excluded theory; this is likely partially responsible for the perception of Anglo-American law as based in precedents rather than on theory and set principles. Initially, students first learned at the Inns of Chancery and then moved to the Inns of Court, but this process was discontinued by the seventeenth century. During the Puritan Revolution the Inns lost many students, but they nevertheless regained their stature after the Stuart Restoration; it was only during the eighteenth century that they gradually deteriorated. Of the Inns of Court, only Lincoln's Inn gave a comprehensive legal education, and the Inns of Chancery grew so totally and utterly detached from teaching the law that they became little more than places for lodging and food.

After the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)), reform of the law quickly became a goal of the government, and under Justice Minister Henry Brougham, in the 1830s, various law codes were passed which not only dramatically reformed and codified the law, but also introduced certain legal principles for judges to consult when making their decisions. While this recourse to principles was not new - Lord Mansfield (1795-1793) also introduced legal principles into English law - they now covered most of British law. This served to further weaken education of the law within the Inns of Court. As word came of this bad education of the law into Parliament, it constituted a committee to monitor the education of the law, and in 1836 reported that either its education was severely bad or non-existent, depending on the Inn. This influenced the government to pass the Inns of Courts Act 1837, which constituted the Inns into a single university - though they kept their property and continued to hand out certifications for the bar, they were to be affiliated with the university. ^[1]In OTL, a similar proposal came in 1854 and a few other times in the nineteenth century, but they were refused. Instead, legal education flowed out of the Inns, and today the Inns of Court serve as lawyers' associations. More controversial was how neither students nor professors would have to pass religious tests, in the same impulse of the era which resulted in the establishment of the non-denominational London University and the eradication of religious tests for students in Oxford and Cambridge.

Over the following decades, the institution of Inns University resulted in the Inns themselves hosting lecturers from the university, while increasingly the Inns grew to resemble dormitories rather than educational institutions. Furthermore, law was increasingly taught at other universities, though law degrees must be certified by an Inn of Court to this day. The education of law grew increasingly complicated over time.

Today Inns is a vast, diffuse university. It exists primarily in London, but there is one campus located in Dublin, owing to the historic institution of King's Inns there in 1541. Many great lawyers and politicians come from the university, including seven Prime Ministers and numerous other chief magistrates and heads of government all around the world.

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1. In OTL, a similar proposal came in 1854 and a few other times in the nineteenth century, but they were refused. Instead, legal education flowed out of the Inns, and today the Inns of Court serve as lawyers' associations. ↩